Filling an OpenLDAP database
Creating your first Organizational Units
On the offchance that you haven't installed LAM, and thus haven't created the organizational units people, groups, hosts and domains, here's how to create them manually. Create a file containing the following information:
dn: ou=people,dc=saruman,dc=biz ou: people objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit structuralObjectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=groups,dc=saruman,dc=biz ou: groups objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit structuralObjectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=hosts,dc=saruman,dc=biz ou: hosts objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit structuralObjectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=domains,dc=saruman,dc=biz ou: domains objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit structuralObjectClass: organizationalUnit
Let's suppose this file is named orgunits.ldif. Now from the directory that contains this file, feed the information into your OpenLDAP using the following commands:
sudo invoke-rc.d slapd stop sudo slapadd -c -v -l orgunits.ldif sudo invoke-rc.d slapd start
This effectively stops the server, writes the information directly into the database, and then starts the server again.
Another way to do (almost) the same thing, would be to add the information with the ldapadd command:
ldapadd -c -x -D cn=admin,dc=saruman,dc=biz -W -f orgunits.ldif
This binds to the OpenLDAP server (which must be running) using the admin account. This in turn causes the command to request the admin password, and then feed the contents from the orgunits.ldif file into the database. However, adding data to a live database precludes you from adding system controlled attributes, as structuralObjectClass is. So for live addition, remove those four particular lines from the orgunits.ldif file.
Explanation of this difference: slapadd is meant as a restore tool, so it must (and can) create system controlled attributes. ldapadd is a modification tool, so it shouldn't need to (and can't) create these attributes.
Migrating User, Password and Group entries to an LDAP server
It's nice to have an LDAP, but it's much nicer if it is filled with information. We'll try to enter all existing users and groups from the host server into LDAP, using the available migration tools.
Creating new users
If we need new users (e.g. when the server you're setting up is spankin' new) then we can create them in several ways. Let's discuss two of them:
Adding a user with an LDIF file
To add a user with the LDAP command line utilities, we first need to create an LDIF file. This file is a simple text file, created with a text editor like vi. The file could look something like the text below. In that file, we create a posix group "networkusers", and a user "sixpacjo" that's a member of this posix group. However, first we need to generate a password for our user, e.g. "raQaMad3", then hash it:
slappasswd -u -h {SSHA} -s raQaMad3
{SSHA}OcAQWgcTCzpu6v8n4yUUthiKPM6rlODq
Now with this hashed password, and all other information on user sixpacjo and group networkusers, we can create the actual LDIF file
# Create the user group
dn: cn=networkusers,ou=groups,dc=saruman,dc=biz
objectClass: posixGroup
gidNumber: 10001
cn: TestGroup
description: Internal network users
# Create a new user:
dn: uid=sixpacjo,ou=people,dc=saruman,dc=biz
objectClass: top
objectClass: posixAccount
objectClass: shadowAccount
objectClass: inetOrgPerson
cn: Joe Sixpack
description: Your Average Network User
givenName: Joe
sn: Sixpack
mail: joe.sixpack@saruman.biz
mail: j.sixpack@saruman.biz
# The Unix login-name for the user:
uid: sixpacjo
# The group and user IDs:
gidNumber: 10001
uidNumber: 10001
# The Unix account data:
homeDirectory: /home/sixpacjo
loginShell: /bin/bash
# The encrypted password for the user:
userPassword: {SSHA}OcAQWgcTCzpu6v8n4yUUthiKPM6rlODq
For a line-by-line explanation of this LDIF file, go here; we also explain the password hashing there. If you need to create more users, you can put them all in the same LDIF file, as long as you leave empty lines between each user.
To put the information from this file into our LDAP server, we have two options:
- Shut down the OpenLDAP server, put the information straight into the database using slapadd, and then starting the server again. This would be the recommended way to enter information if we hadn't just typed it in ourselves, but previously made a backup of some sorts from the LDAP server using slapcat.
- Keep the OpenLDAP running, and use the ldapadd utility to read the data into the live LDAP database. This makes use of the credentials of some user that has the right to write in the database, at least at the places where your LDIF file wants to store information (in the above example: in the groups and people OU's).
The ldapadd method works like this: after creating the file, e.g. sixpack.ldif in a certain place, e.g. our home directory, we run the following command:
ldapadd -v -x -D cn=admin.dc=saruman.dc=biz -W -f ~/sixpack.ldif
The meaning of the options is as follows:
- -v the everamusing "verbose" for extra diagnostic messages.
- -x use "simple bind" and not a TLS-encrypted connection.
- -D cn=admin.dc=saruman.dc=biz is the Distinguished Name with which to bind to the LDAP server.
- -W prompt for the password of the -D credential. Alternatively, use -w <password>, but ofcourse then the password winds up in your Bash history file et cetera.
- -f ~/sixpack.ldif read the LDIF information from this particular file, instead of the StdIn